chicken df 1 fibroblast cells  (ATCC)

Journal: Poultry Science

Article Title: Highly efficient gene editing via targeted Cas9 insertion into chicken housekeeping gene

doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2026.106585

Figure Lengend Snippet: CRISPR/Cas9-mediated targeting of ACTB and GAPDH genes in chicken DF-1 cells. (A, F) Schematic diagrams of the ACTB (A) and GAPDH (F) gene structures, showing CRISPR/Cas9 targeting sites. (B–E) Validation of ACTB targeting vectors. (B, D) T7E1 assays and (C, E) Sanger sequencing of DF-1 cells transfected with CRISPR/Cas9 constructs targeting the 3′ region (B, C) or intron (D, E). (G–J) Validation of GAPDH targeting vectors. (G, I) T7E1 assays and (H, J) Sanger sequencing of DF-1 cells transfected with constructs targeting the 3′ region (G, H) or intron (I, J). gRNA sequences are shown in red or blue, PAM sequences in yellow. Deleted bases are indicated by strikethrough lines, substitutions by italics, and insertions by lowercase letters.

Article Snippet: Chicken DF-1 fibroblast cells (ATCC® CRL-12203, American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, VA, USA) were maintained in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM; Gibco, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS; HyClone, Cytiva, Marlborough, MA, USA) and 1 × antibiotic-antimycotic solution (Gibco).

Techniques: CRISPR, Biomarker Discovery, Sequencing, Transfection, Construct

Journal: Poultry Science

Article Title: Highly efficient gene editing via targeted Cas9 insertion into chicken housekeeping gene

doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2026.106585

Figure Lengend Snippet: Validation of Cas9-GFP knock-in at the ACTB and GAPDH loci in DF-1 Cells. (A) Schematic illustration of the 3′ region targeted and tagging CRISPR/Cas9 approaches. (B) Detection of GFP in ACTB and GAPDH targeted chicken DF-1 cells. Non-transfected wild-type (WT) DF-1 cells are shown as a control, appearing without fluorescence under standard and fluorescence microscopy. Cells successfully transfected with the knock-in vector constructs targeting ACTB and GAPDH genes exhibit green fluorescence, indicating expression of the reporter gene. Scale bar, 100 µm. (C) Knock-in-specific junction PCR of targeted sites. (D, F) Sequencing analysis of the 3′ region targeted knock-in in chicken DF-1 cells. The schematic illustrates the gene locus following CRISPR/Cas9-mediated insertion of a donor cassette at the 3′ region targeting site via non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). Sanger sequencing of the junction PCR products confirmed integration of the donor sequence in the adjacent genomic regions with indel mutations. (E, G) This schematic depicts the post-integration structure of each gene following CRISPR/Cas9-NHEJ-mediated targeted gene tagging. The donor plasmid was designed with GFP flanked by genomic homology arms corresponding to sequences adjacent to the targeted intron. Sanger sequencing of the junction PCR products confirmed integration of the donor sequence in the adjacent genomic regions with indel mutation.

Article Snippet: Chicken DF-1 fibroblast cells (ATCC® CRL-12203, American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, VA, USA) were maintained in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM; Gibco, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS; HyClone, Cytiva, Marlborough, MA, USA) and 1 × antibiotic-antimycotic solution (Gibco).

Techniques: Biomarker Discovery, Knock-In, CRISPR, Transfection, Control, Fluorescence, Microscopy, Plasmid Preparation, Construct, Expressing, Sequencing, Non-Homologous End Joining, Mutagenesis

Journal: Poultry Science

Article Title: Highly efficient gene editing via targeted Cas9 insertion into chicken housekeeping gene

doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2026.106585

Figure Lengend Snippet: Validation of Cas9 activity in ACTB and GAPDH knock-in (KI) chicken DF-1 cells. (A) Gene structure of the intergenic region between DMRT1 and DMRT3 is depicted, showing exons as boxes and introns as lines, with the gRNA target site indicated. (B) T7E1 assay for KI DF-1 cells ( ACTB 3′ KI, ACTB tagging, GAPDH 3′ KI, and GAPDH tagging) followed by transfection with gRNA expressing vector. (C) Sanger sequencing analysis of KI chicken DF-1 cells ( GAPDH 3′ KI, and GAPDH tagging) transfected with DMRT gRNA are shown. gRNA sequences are shown in red, PAM sequences in yellow. The strikethrough lines indicate regions where base pairs have been deleted.

Article Snippet: Chicken DF-1 fibroblast cells (ATCC® CRL-12203, American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, VA, USA) were maintained in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM; Gibco, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS; HyClone, Cytiva, Marlborough, MA, USA) and 1 × antibiotic-antimycotic solution (Gibco).

Techniques: Biomarker Discovery, Activity Assay, Knock-In, Transfection, Expressing, Plasmid Preparation, Sequencing

Journal: Poultry Science

Article Title: Highly efficient gene editing via targeted Cas9 insertion into chicken housekeeping gene

doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2026.106585

Figure Lengend Snippet: Generation and validation of single-cell clones with Cas9-GFP knock-in at the GAPDH locus in chicken DF-1 cells. (A) Bright-field (BF) and GFP fluorescence images obtained after subculture following single-cell seeding. Each panel represents a clonal population derived from a single genome-edited cell. A total of 16 single-cell-derived clones were identified from the 96-well plates, of which 12 maintained consistent growth after subculture. Clone numbers correspond to the original 16 identified clones, and images of the 12 viable clones are shown. Scale bar, 100 µm. (B) PCR analysis of 12 single-cell-derived clones following subculture. Intron-targeted knock-in alleles were confirmed by 5′ junction PCR using junction-specific primers. The presence of residual wild-type (WT) alleles in individual clones was assessed using WT allele–specific primers. GAPDH PCR served as a genomic DNA quality control. (C) Relative Cas9 copy number was estimated by quantitative PCR (qPCR) using genomic DNA from each clone, normalized to the endogenous GAPDH reference locus (two copies in diploid cells). Bars represent the mean ± SD of technical qPCR replicates ( n = 3).

Article Snippet: Chicken DF-1 fibroblast cells (ATCC® CRL-12203, American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, VA, USA) were maintained in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM; Gibco, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS; HyClone, Cytiva, Marlborough, MA, USA) and 1 × antibiotic-antimycotic solution (Gibco).

Techniques: Biomarker Discovery, Single Cell, Clone Assay, Knock-In, Fluorescence, Derivative Assay, Control, Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction

Journal: Poultry Science

Article Title: Highly efficient gene editing via targeted Cas9 insertion into chicken housekeeping gene

doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2026.106585

Figure Lengend Snippet: Characterization of single-cell-derived Cas9-expressing DF-1 clones. (A) Flow cytometry analysis of GFP expression levels in GAPDH tagging clones. (B) Median fluorescence intensity (MFI) of GFP in each clone. Data represents n = 3 biological replicates; bars show mean ± SD. ⁎⁎⁎⁎ P < 0.0001. (C) Western blot analysis of Cas9 and GAPDH protein expression in each clone. α-tubulin was used as a loading control. (D–E) Functional validation of genome editing capability in single-cell-derived Cas9-expressing DF-1 clones. A guide RNA (gRNA) expression vector targeting an internal region between DMRT1 and DMRT3 was transfected into each clone. As a control, wild-type (WT) DF-1 cells were co-transfected with the same gRNA vector and a transient Cas9 expression plasmid. (D) Genome editing activity was assessed by T7 endonuclease I (T7E1) assay. (E) Sanger sequencing of the target site confirmed indel formation at the expected genomic locus. gRNA sequences are shown in red, PAM sequences in yellow. Deleted bases are indicated by strikethrough lines, substitutions by italics, and insertions by lowercase letters.

Article Snippet: Chicken DF-1 fibroblast cells (ATCC® CRL-12203, American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, VA, USA) were maintained in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM; Gibco, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS; HyClone, Cytiva, Marlborough, MA, USA) and 1 × antibiotic-antimycotic solution (Gibco).

Techniques: Single Cell, Derivative Assay, Expressing, Clone Assay, Flow Cytometry, Fluorescence, Western Blot, Control, Functional Assay, Biomarker Discovery, Plasmid Preparation, Transfection, Activity Assay, Sequencing

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: Chicken IRF10 suppresses the cGAS-STING-IFN antiviral signaling pathway by targeting IRF7

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1767491

Figure Lengend Snippet: Analysis of chicken (ch) IRF family members in cGAS-STING-IFN signaling by promoter assays. (A) Flag-tagged chIRF family members were co-transfected with chGAS-STING into 293T cells, and ISRE promoter activity was measured at 24 h post-transfection. (B) Flag-tagged chIRF family members were co-transfected with chSTING into DF-1 cells, and chIFN-β promoter activity was measured at 24 h post-transfection. (C) GFP-tagged chIRF family members were co-transfected with chSTING into DF-1 cells, and chIFN-β promoter activity was measured at 24 h post-transfection. ** p < 0.01 versus vector controls.

Article Snippet: The HEK-293T cells (ATCC Cat# CRL-3216) and chicken fibroblast DF-1 cells (ATCC Cat# CRL-12203) were maintained in DMEM (Hyclone Laboratories, USA) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS, Vazyme Biotech).

Techniques: Transfection, Activity Assay, Plasmid Preparation

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: Chicken IRF10 suppresses the cGAS-STING-IFN antiviral signaling pathway by targeting IRF7

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1767491

Figure Lengend Snippet: chIRF10 negatively regulates the chicken cGAS-STING-IFN signaling. (A, B) HD11 cells were transfected with increasing doses of chIRF10, which was normalized with pCMV vector. At 12 h post-transfection, the cells were stimulated with 2 μg/mL cGAMP (A) or 1 μg/mL poly dA:dT (B) for 12 h, followed by measurement of chIFN-β promoter activity. (C) DF-1 cells were co-transfected with chSTING and increasing doses of chIRF10, normalized with pCMV vector. Cells were collected at 24 h post-transfection to measure chIFN-β promoter activity. (D – F) HD11 cells were transfected with either chIRF10 or pCMV vector. At 12 h post-transfection, the cells were stimulated with cGAMP or poly dA:dT for 24 h, and the mRNA expression levels of downstream genes IFN-β (D) , MX1 (E) , and OASL (F) were detected by RT-qPCR. (G – J) )DF-1 cells were co-transfected with chSTING and increasing doses of chIRF10 for 48 h, and the mRNA expression levels of downstream genes IFN-β (G) , MX1 (H) , OASL (I) , and PKR (J) were measured by RT-qPCR. * p < 0.05 and ** p < 0.01 versus vector controls.

Article Snippet: The HEK-293T cells (ATCC Cat# CRL-3216) and chicken fibroblast DF-1 cells (ATCC Cat# CRL-12203) were maintained in DMEM (Hyclone Laboratories, USA) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS, Vazyme Biotech).

Techniques: Transfection, Plasmid Preparation, Activity Assay, Expressing, Quantitative RT-PCR

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: Chicken IRF10 suppresses the cGAS-STING-IFN antiviral signaling pathway by targeting IRF7

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1767491

Figure Lengend Snippet: chIRF10 negatively regulates the antiviral function of chcGAS-STING signaling pathway. (A–D) HD11 cells were transfected with either chIRF10 or pCMV vector for 12 h, and then stimulated with cGAMP (A, B) or poly dA:dT (C, D) for 12 h, followed by infection with NDV-RFP at 0.01 MOI for 12 (h) RFP fluorescence was detected using fluorescence microscopy (A, C) , and cells were collected for WB analysis of RFP protein expression (B, D) . (E, F) HD11 cells were transfected and stimulated as in A, followed by infection with AIV (H1N1) at 0.01 MOI for 24 (h) The viral NP protein expression was detected by WB. (G–J) HD11 cells were transfected and stimulated as in A, followed by infection with SMV at 0.1 MOI for 24 h (G, H) or infection with VACV at 0.1 MOI for 24 h (I, J) . The viral copy number was measured by qPCR. (K, L) DF-1 cells were transfected with chIRF10 and chSTING as indicated for 24 h, and infected with NDV-RFP at 0.01 MOI for 12 h, followed by RFP fluorescence detection by fluorescence microscopy (K) and WB analysis of RFP protein expression (L–N) DF-1 cells were transfected as indicated for 24 h, and infected with SMV (M) or VACV (N) at 0.1 MOI for 24 h, followed by qPCR measurement of viral copy number. (O) HD11 cells were stimulated with cGAMP or infected with the corresponding viruses at the indicated doses. At 24 h post-infection, cells were collected and chIRF10 mRNA expression was detected by RT-qPCR. * p < 0.05 and ** p < 0.01 versus controls.

Article Snippet: The HEK-293T cells (ATCC Cat# CRL-3216) and chicken fibroblast DF-1 cells (ATCC Cat# CRL-12203) were maintained in DMEM (Hyclone Laboratories, USA) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS, Vazyme Biotech).

Techniques: Transfection, Plasmid Preparation, Infection, Fluorescence, Microscopy, Expressing, Quantitative RT-PCR

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: Chicken IRF10 suppresses the cGAS-STING-IFN antiviral signaling pathway by targeting IRF7

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1767491

Figure Lengend Snippet: Deletion of the IAD, but not the DBD, abolishes the negative regulatory activity of chIRF10. (A) DF-1 cells were co-transfected with chIRF10 or its deletion mutants, with or without chSTING for 24 h, followed by measurement of chIFN-β promoter activity. (B–D) DF-1 cells were transfected as in A for 48 h, and the mRNA expressions of chSTING-activated downstream genes IFN-β (B) , MX1 (C) , and OASL (D) were detected by RT-qPCR. (E, F) DF-1 cells were transfected as indicated for 24 h and infected with NDV at 0.01 MOI for 12 (h) RFP fluorescence was observed using fluorescence microscopy (E) and RFP protein expression was detected by WB (F–H) DF-1 cells were transfected as indicated for 24 h and infected with SMV (G) or VACV (H) at 0.1 MOI for 24 (h) The viral copy number was measured by qPCR. ** p < 0.01 versus controls.

Article Snippet: The HEK-293T cells (ATCC Cat# CRL-3216) and chicken fibroblast DF-1 cells (ATCC Cat# CRL-12203) were maintained in DMEM (Hyclone Laboratories, USA) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS, Vazyme Biotech).

Techniques: Activity Assay, Transfection, Quantitative RT-PCR, Infection, Fluorescence, Microscopy, Expressing

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: Chicken IRF10 suppresses the cGAS-STING-IFN antiviral signaling pathway by targeting IRF7

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1767491

Figure Lengend Snippet: chIRF10 inhibits the IFN signaling activated by chTBK1, chIKKϵ, and chIRF7. (A) DF-1 cells were transfected with chIRF10 and chTBK1 as indicated. (B) DF-1 cells were transfected with chIRF10 and chIKKϵ as indicated. (C) DF-1 cells were transfected with chIRF10 and chIRF7 as indicated. chIFN-β promoter activity was measured at 24 h post-transfection, and the mRNA expression of downstream activated genes IFN-β, MX1, OASL, and PKR was detected by RT-qPCR at 48 h post-transfection. * p < 0.05 and ** p < 0.01 versus controls.

Article Snippet: The HEK-293T cells (ATCC Cat# CRL-3216) and chicken fibroblast DF-1 cells (ATCC Cat# CRL-12203) were maintained in DMEM (Hyclone Laboratories, USA) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS, Vazyme Biotech).

Techniques: Transfection, Activity Assay, Expressing, Quantitative RT-PCR

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: Chicken IRF10 suppresses the cGAS-STING-IFN antiviral signaling pathway by targeting IRF7

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1767491

Figure Lengend Snippet: chIRF10 targets chIRF7 and inhibits chIRF7 activation. (A) DF-1 cells were transfected with chIRF10 and its deletion mutants, with or without chIRF7 as indicated for 24 (h) The co-localization of chIRF10/mutants and chIRF7 was examined by laser scanning confocal microscopy following IFA staining. (B, C) 293T cells were transfected with chIRF10 and chIRF7 (B) , chIRF10/chIRF10ΔDBD/chIRF10ΔIAD and chIRF7 (C) as indicated for 48 (h) The protein interactions between chIRF10/mutants and chIRF7 were assessed by co-IP using the indicated antibodies. (D – F) 293T cells were transfected with chIRF10, chIRF7 plus chcGAS-STING (D) , chIRF10/chIRF10ΔIAD, chIRF7 plus chcGAS-STING (E) , and increasing doses of chIRF10, chIRF7 plus chcGAS-STING (F) as indicated for 24 (h) The chIRF7 dimerization levels were analyzed by native PAGE. (G) 293T cells were co-transfected with GFP-tagged chIRF7, Flag-tagged chIRF10/chIRF10ΔIAD, and HA-tagged chcGAS-STING as indicated. The puncta formation of chIRF7 indicating its activation was observed by fluorescence microscopy 24 h post-transfection and marked as red arrows.

Article Snippet: The HEK-293T cells (ATCC Cat# CRL-3216) and chicken fibroblast DF-1 cells (ATCC Cat# CRL-12203) were maintained in DMEM (Hyclone Laboratories, USA) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS, Vazyme Biotech).

Techniques: Activation Assay, Transfection, Confocal Microscopy, Staining, Co-Immunoprecipitation Assay, Clear Native PAGE, Fluorescence, Microscopy

Journal: PLOS One

Article Title: A novel approach towards a histone replacement system in Tetrapods

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0342014

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) DF-1 chicken fibroblasts were transfected with the first-generation chicken H2B-targeting shRNA plasmid (pHREP-KD-1-shH2B) together with a Sleeping Beauty expressing plasmid and selected for 2 weeks with G418. Resistant single-cell clones were grown and split into 4 different 96-well plates. One plate was used to maintain the cells for later use, while the other three plates were treated with Dox and/or Puro (each at 1 μg/mL for 4 days). Cell survival was determined by crystal violet staining, a schematic result is shown. The red box marks a clone that grows in the absence of Dox but stops growing after induction of the histone knockdown, making it a good candidate for efficient knockdown. (B) After the initial selection shown in (A) , two selected shRNA-expressing clones were treated with Dox (1 μg/mL, 4 days), additionally selected with puromycin, or left untreated. Cell survival was scored by quantitative crystal-violet staining. Data from three independent biological replicates were normalized to the untreated controls and are presented as means ± SD.

Article Snippet: DF-1 cells (ATCC CRL-12203) were grown at 39°C and HEK293T (ATCC CRL-3216) at 37°C.

Techniques: Transfection, shRNA, Plasmid Preparation, Expressing, Single Cell, Clone Assay, Staining, Knockdown, Selection

Journal: PLOS One

Article Title: A novel approach towards a histone replacement system in Tetrapods

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0342014

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) The pHREP-KD-2 plasmid has a similar structure to the first-generation plasmid, with the difference of an optimized Tet transactivator. (B) The procedure follows the protocol described in . DF-1 chicken fibroblasts were transfected with pHREP-KD-2 and a Sleeping Beauty-expressing plasmid. G418-resistant clones were initially functionally screened by measuring cell survival after shRNA induction with doxycycline (1 μg/mL, 4 days) compared to uninduced cells. Clones showing the greatest reduction in cell survival after induction were selected. Survival data from 3 independent biological experiments are shown as mean ± SD for 2 shRNA-expressing clones per shRNA. Dashed lines indicate 10% and 20% cell survival.

Article Snippet: DF-1 cells (ATCC CRL-12203) were grown at 39°C and HEK293T (ATCC CRL-3216) at 37°C.

Techniques: Plasmid Preparation, Transfection, Expressing, Clone Assay, shRNA

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: A genome language model for mapping DNA replication origins

doi: 10.64898/2026.01.29.702604

Figure Lengend Snippet: a) Heatmaps of Spearman correlation across combinations of probability- and efficiency-smoothing windows in H1, illustrating genome-wide sensitivity to resolution matching. b) Dependence of the Spearman correlation on smoothing-window size for multiple species/cell types (H1, mESC, and sheep fibroblast), plotted as mean ± standard deviation across autosomes, highlighting cross-species consistency.

Article Snippet: Chicken embryonic fibroblast cells (UMNSAH/DF-1) were purchased from ATCC (ATCC-CRL-3586) and were maintained according to the supplier’s instructions in DMEM (ATCC 30-2002) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Gibco, 10270-106).

Techniques: Genome Wide, Standard Deviation

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: A genome language model for mapping DNA replication origins

doi: 10.64898/2026.01.29.702604

Figure Lengend Snippet: a) Schematic representation of ORILINX training on human origins of replication sequences, followed by applying ORILINX predictions in chicken, sheep and mouse without additional adjustments. b) ROC curves showing the ORILINX model performance in 28,490 SNS-seq chicken embryonic fibroblast cell origins of replication and matched number of random non-origin sequences, resulting in an AUC ROC = 0.92 and AUC PR =0.93. c) Same as in b) but for 79,574 SNS-seq sheep primary fibroblast origins and matched number random non-origin sequences from two replicates, resulting in an AUC ROC = 0.93 and AUC PR = 0.94. d) Same as in b) and c) but for publicly available mouse ESC data of 13,004 SNS-seq origins and matched number of random non-origin sequences, resulting in an AUC ROC = 0.81 and AUC PR = 0.85.

Article Snippet: Chicken embryonic fibroblast cells (UMNSAH/DF-1) were purchased from ATCC (ATCC-CRL-3586) and were maintained according to the supplier’s instructions in DMEM (ATCC 30-2002) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Gibco, 10270-106).

Techniques:

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: A genome language model for mapping DNA replication origins

doi: 10.64898/2026.01.29.702604

Figure Lengend Snippet: AUC ROC and AUC PR curves for individual SNS-seq replicates of the sheep fibroblast cells (see Methods). a) Replicate 1 showed an AUC ROC of 0.93 and AUC PR of 0.94. b) Replicate 2 showed an AUC ROC of 0.94 and AUC PR of 0.95.

Article Snippet: Chicken embryonic fibroblast cells (UMNSAH/DF-1) were purchased from ATCC (ATCC-CRL-3586) and were maintained according to the supplier’s instructions in DMEM (ATCC 30-2002) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Gibco, 10270-106).

Techniques:

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: A genome language model for mapping DNA replication origins

doi: 10.64898/2026.01.29.702604

Figure Lengend Snippet: Correlation analyses for a) sheep primary fibroblast, where Spearman’s ρ = 0.81, p-value ≪ 0.0001, and b) mouse embryonic stem cells (mESC), where Spearman’s ρ = 0.78, p-value ≪ 0.0001. For each species, the left panel shows chromosome 1 profiles comparing ORILINX predicted origin probability (red) with origin efficiency inferred from replication timing data (blue), with both signals smoothed using a 10 Mb moving average window. Spearman correlation coefficients are indicated. The right panel shows the corresponding joint density distributions of origin probability and origin efficiency computed genome-wide.

Article Snippet: Chicken embryonic fibroblast cells (UMNSAH/DF-1) were purchased from ATCC (ATCC-CRL-3586) and were maintained according to the supplier’s instructions in DMEM (ATCC 30-2002) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Gibco, 10270-106).

Techniques: Genome Wide